In EUR mn |
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
2024 |
2023 |
Foreign exchange losses from operating activities |
185 |
182 |
Losses from the disposals of businesses, subsidiaries, and tangible and intangible assets |
–9 |
31 |
Net impairment losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost |
16 |
38 |
Personnel reduction schemes |
19 |
9 |
Research and development expenses |
87 |
76 |
Residual other operating expenses |
127 |
125 |
Other operating expenses |
426 |
462 |
Foreign exchange losses from operating activities were mainly impacted by the development of the USD foreign exchange rate in 2024 and 2023.
Net impairment losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost were mainly related to impairments of receivables in Tunisia amounting to EUR 17 mn (2023: EUR 26 mn).
Residual other operating expenses contained expenses relating to various digitalization initiatives amounting to EUR 12 mn (2023: EUR 22 mn) as well as expenses related to the minimum stockholding obligation outsourced to Erdöl-Lagergesellschaft m.b.H. in the amount of EUR 56 mn (2023: EUR 46 mn). In addition, this position included a tax on turnover amounting to EUR 43 mn, which was introduced in Romania in 2024.